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Optimizing microsurgical skills with EEG neurofeedback
BACKGROUND: By enabling individuals to self-regulate their brainwave activity in the field of optimal performance in healthy individuals, neurofeedback has been found to improve cognitive and artistic performance. Here we assessed whether two distinct EEG neurofeedback protocols could develop surgical skill, given the important role this skill plays in medicine. RESULTS: National Health Service trainee ophthalmic microsurgeons (N = 20) were randomly assigned to either Sensory Motor Rhythm-Theta (SMR) or Alpha-Theta (AT) groups, a randomized subset of which were also part of a wait-list 'no-treatment' control group (N = 8). Neurofeedback groups received eight 30-minute sessions of EEG training. Pre-post assessment included a skills lab surgical procedure with timed measures and expert ratings from video-recordings by consultant surgeons, together with state/trait anxiety self-reports. SMR training demonstrated advantages absent in the control group, with improvements in surgical skill according to 1) the expert ratings: overall technique (d = 0.6, p < 0.03) and suture task (d = 0.9, p < 0.02) (judges' intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85); and 2) with overall time on task (d = 0.5, p = 0.02), while everyday anxiety (trait) decreased (d = 0.5, p < 0.02). Importantly the decrease in surgical task time was strongly associated with SMR EEG training changes (p < 0.01), especially with continued reduction of theta (4-7 Hz) power. AT training produced marginal improvements in technique and overall performance time, which were accompanied by a standard error indicative of large individual differences. Notwithstanding, successful within session elevation of the theta-alpha ratio correlated positively with improvements in overall technique (r = 0.64, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: SMR-Theta neurofeedback training provided significant improvement in surgical technique whilst considerably reducing time on task by 26%. There was also evidence that AT training marginally reduced total surgery time, despite suboptimal training efficacies. Overall, the data set provides encouraging evidence of optimised learning of a complex medical specialty via neurofeedback training.
BMC Neurosci. 2009 Jul 24;10:87. Ros T, Moseley MJ, Bloom PA, Benjamin L, Parkinson LA, Gruzelier JH. Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK. t.ros@gold.ac.uk
My comments about smoking marijuana are very similar to those that may previously about smoking cigarettes. A marijuana smoker was once introduced to the drug. At that point he or she experienced in neurological effects of their act. Whether this was done initially as a social event or murder cases and individual event, the continued smoking marijuana is reinforced as I habit due the repetitive nature, the neurological stimulation, and the social benefits. These seemingly positive attributes are sufficient to overcome any inhibition regarding health concerns (to include neurological damage),...
No great achievement in life is ever realized without first creating a firm vision of the desired results in your mind. Whether you are considering building the next great pyramid, creating the next billion-dollar Internet business, or growing and shaping your muscles for your next bodybuilding competition, without focusing on your results, it most likely will never be achieved. Why is this true?
Realize that everything around and in us is made of patterns of matter and its energy. When one link or component changes, it inspires the others connected to it to adapt. I normally call this an...
What is your level of confidence and why should you care? To a statistician, confidence levels would mean how reliably could a certain condition occur or be predicted and expressed as a percentage. For instance, when putting if a golfer can reliably get his ball into the cup nine times out of 10, a statistician would say that he has a 90% reliability. This can also be expressed as 0.9. However, a psychologist would look at this slightly differently. What she may be looking at is the effect that a level of confidence would have on a person's self-esteem. A person's self-awareness or ego can...
